When the government launched what would become most
influential survey to monitor the nation's public health, there were
just 75 questions - and 95 percent of those asked agreed to sit for it.
But that was nearly 60 years ago, and the National
Health Interview Survey has mushroomed along with the government and its
interests. There are now 1,200 potential questions, and the average
family takes more than 90 minutes to complete the survey.
Not surprisingly, the refusal rate has gone up, as
well: Thirty percent are refusing to take part. And that has raised
concerns that the survey - conducted in people's homes - has gotten too
big.
"If you tell them it's going to take an hour and it
could be longer... right away people are going to say no," said Joseph
Paysen, who oversees the survey in the New York City area.
These and other issues have prompted plans for
dramatic changes. But as government officials embark on a redesign,
they're contending with bureaucratic obstacles and pleas from
researchers who want more questions asked, not less.
"They're kind of in a hard place," observed James Lepkowski, a survey research expert at the University of Michigan.
U.S. Census Bureau workers conduct the survey every
year, on behalf of another federal agency, the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. It's a $30 million annual project, and somewhere
around 50,000 people answer the survey's questions each year.
Their answers have shaped our understanding of topics
ranging from how common arthritis is to how many people get X-rays to
what proportion of U.S. children suffers seizures. The survey's
responses also are the foundation of how we measure the nation's
progress (or backslide) on problems like obesity and smoking.
Tellingly, the CDC recently added questions to it
about use of electronic cigarettes - even though other surveys already
asked about that subject - because the agency wants a new, unimpeachable
statistical baseline on the controversial topic.
"It's been kind of the gold standard" for continuous,
nationally-representative information on the American public's health,
said Lynn Blewett, a University of Minnesota expert on health data.
The survey has been a crucial source of health information for a long time.
In the 1800s and early 1900s, infectious diseases
ranked as the nation's leading causes of death, so most government
health statistics involved births, deaths, and germ illnesses. But with
the development of germ-fighting antibiotics and other advances,
illnesses like heart disease and cancer became the top killers, and new
kinds of statistics were needed.
In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a law
creating the health interview survey. The purpose was to learn how
common chronic illnesses and disabilities were, and to learn about the
characteristics and behaviors of people who had them. The survey began
in 1957. It was placed under the CDC's umbrella in 1987.
The survey's data became the basis for measuring the
nation's progress in fighting disease. It spurred funding for a CDC
arthritis program, and shaped the agency's policy on cervical cancer
screening. It was the first federal household survey to track the
growing popularity of cell phones. And it's been a primary measuring
stick for how many people are gaining health insurance under the 2010
Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare.
But now it's just one data source in a crowded field.
The CDC has conducted or funded hundreds of surveys designed to improve
researchers' understanding of peoples' health and health behaviors.
That includes roughly 20 ongoing surveys of all or parts of the U.S.
public. Many are focused on specific topics, like HIV or teen smoking.
Meanwhile, people are being approached for political
polls or other surveys, or asked for personal information by businesses
trying to sell them things. Bombarded by so many solicitations, "you're
not trusting" when approached to be part of the government health
survey, said Susan Cochran, a UCLA researcher who works with the survey
data.
That uneasiness, coupled with people's busy
schedules, means more and more potential participants decline. It's not
just the health interview survey that's affected - response rates have
been declining for surveys in general.
No one's talking about doing away with the health
interview survey, but there have been proposals to merge it with other
government health surveys.
But researchers and advocacy groups have been sharply
opposed to the idea. Indeed, many of them want the survey to get
bigger, not slimmer.
"I'm concerned about mental health," Vickie Mays, a
UCLA researcher who works with survey data. A more comprehensive,
ongoing set of questions on that topic is needed to better understand
the nation's psychological well-being, she said.
Each survey also has a constituency within CDC, some
located in at CDC headquarters in Atlanta and some at a CDC sub-agency -
the National Center for Health Statistics - in Hyattsville, Maryland.
"They have these silos," Lepkowski said.
The CDC's budget has been relatively flat over the
last decade, and in some years, the health interview survey has had to
cut back the number of people interviewed, even though smaller samples
can weaken the accuracy of a survey's findings. The survey benefited
from an extra $5 million to $7 million a year after passage of the
Affordable Care Act, engineered by Obama administration officials eager
to demonstrate the law's impact. But that added money is ending and
survey administrators expect a more modest budget moving forward.
The CDC is currently soliciting public comment for a redesigned survey that's to be used starting in 2018.
The last such redesign was in 1997, after the survey had crept up to a two-hour experience.
Paysen - the New York supervisor who works for the
Census Bureau - has watched families go through the health interview
survey in recent years, and he has detected frustration with what seemed
to them to be redundant questions.
"The shorter it is," Paysen said, "the easier it will be."
